competitive advantage

Despite ubiquitous in strategy and related fields, the concept of competitive advantage continues to be under debate in the academy still lacking a precise and widely accepted definition.Traditionally¹ in the field of strategic management, competitive advantage has been defined as a firm consistently earning a higher rate of return than its competitors

Additional Reading.
Competitive Advantage: Sustainable or Temporary in Today’s Dynamic Environment?Strategic Outsourcing? The Philips Case in the LCD TV MarketCollaborating to compete: The role of collective creativity in a South African clothing design small business |

Sources: ¹Competitive Advantage: Sustainable or Temporary in Today’s Dynamic Environment https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/39e1/c44cf835f6ea39621dd1e6d60120b44d07ce.pdf

Archaic Globalisation

”Globalization generally refers to the increased interdependence of the world’s economies signified by the circulation of information, money, people and goods across national boundaries. It has of late given rise to the domination of world’s market by a selected number of transnational corporations. However, since time immemorial, different countries were related to one another through geographical spread of ideas, social norms and trading commodities. This pre-modern phase of globalisation is known as archaic globalisation.¹”

Further reading
1. Silk Road: A Glance at Archaic Globalization |

Source:
1.  https://iwp.uiowa.edu/silkroutes/city/kolkata/text/silk-road-glance-archaic-globalization 

The Multinational Firm

Definition : Multinational corporation (MNC), also called transnational corporation, any corporation that is registered and operates in more than one country at a time. (Encyclopaedia Britannica)  | The Global Corporation : A global company is generally referred to as a multinational corporation, Global corporations operate in two or more countries and face many challenges in their quest to capture value in the global market.

Additional Reading:
Identifying motivational factors within a multinational companyKnowledge Transfer and Innovation in Brazilian Multinational CompaniesWho’s in charge? Corporations as institutions of global governanceMultinational corporations as channels for international technology transfer: Evidence from the South African innovation survey |

The circumnavigation of the globe in 1519

Ferdinand Magellan¹  c. 1480 – 27 April 1521) was a Portuguese explorer who organised the Spanish expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth, completed by Juan Sebastián Elcano. You can read more about this event in Global strategy from the following sources

| The WTO report on trends in International Business which begins with a historical analysis of trade developments from pre-industrial times to the present, focusing on the key role that technology and institutions have played in the past| The West Indies & Manila Galleons: the First Global Trade RouteGlobalization, trade, and development: some lessons from history | Globalization: a short history 

 

Sources
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan

Government export control list

Export control list can determine market access and exports of good.   You can find the following resources useful.
1.UK Strategic Export Control Lists |The UK Strategic Export Control¹ Lists form the basis of determining whether any products, software or technology that you intend to export are ‘controlled’ and therefore require an export licence
2.OGEL and Goods Checker Tools |The Goods Checker helps to establish if your items are controlled and identify the appropriate control entry (‘rating’) reference from the UK Strategic Export Control Lists.
3.
Export Control Classification Number (ECCN) |A key in determining whether an export license is needed from the Department of Commerce is finding out if the item you intend to export has a specific Export Control Classification Number (ECCN)².
4. Canadian Export list | The Export Control List identifies specific goods and technology that are controlled for export from Canada to other countries, regardless of their means of delivery (including, for example, shipment of goods, electronic transfer or transmission of information.
5.Overview of U.S. Export Control System |
6. Hong Kong’s Control List |
7. German Export Control list |
8. New Zealand Export Control list |
9.Wassenaar Arrangement | The Wassenaar Arrangement³ has been established in order to contribute to regional and international security and stability, by promoting transparency and greater responsibility in transfers of conventional arms and dual-use goods and technologies, thus preventing destabilising accumulations.
10. Australia Export Control list |

 

 

 

Sources:
1. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/uk-strategic-export-control-lists-the-consolidated-list-of-strategic-military-and-dual-use-items
2.https://www.bis.doc.gov/index.php/licensing/commerce-control-list-classification/export-control-classification-number-eccn.
3.https://www.wassenaar.org

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